The article is devoted to the problems of transition to distance learning in a university environment; a survey was carried out to study the attitude of students to educational and extracurricular activities to determine the difficulties faced by first-year students. It was revealed that in the context of the transition to distance learning with the use of technologies, mainly a positive attitude towards learning prevail; at the same time, extracurricular, social activities do not attract all freshmen, since at the first stages of adaptation to the university, considerable attention is paid to the learning process; when mastering academic disciplines, freshmen experience difficulties associated with organizational, technical, material and living conditions and individual characteristics. The research results can be useful for teachers, methodologists, and heads of departments.

In the era of globalization and accelerated integration of the domestic education system with the world community of higher education, the interest of scholars and practitioners in the problems of assessing the quality of teaching naturally increases. In this article, the authors consider various options for assessing the level of teaching quality, which will determine the possibility of a university to train a specialist that meets market expectations. To improve the education quality management system, questionnaires and testing of participants in the educational process are considered as the main measurement tools. The most effective mechanism is the assessment of the quality of teaching in the main five areas of the teacher’s professional activity: educational, research, methodological, social, organizational, and managerial. The main result of the assessment of the quality of teaching will be the identification of weaknesses and strengths in the work of the teacher for their further professional and personal growth, which will affect the quality of training. According to the authors, the effectiveness of assessing the quality of teaching will make it possible to more clearly determine the quality of educational programs and the level of quality of the university as a whole.

The article deals with the problem of the evolution of a sign created on the basis of a person’s vision of a circle (the sun, the moon as natural phenomena that give a person light and heat). In the mind of a person, the circle has formed a psycho-image, similar to a rolling circle, a prototype of a wheel. People have transferred the circle in its different interpretations (circle, semicircle, circularity, arc-likeness) into the letters that functioned in antiquity and function at the present time (o, s, a, e, c, b, h, p, i, b, etc). This result of the process of human linguographic thinking is one of the foundations for unraveling the code of the word, the etymology (archaeology) of a word that has a deep history. This code was created on the basis of a single culture and a single language of the mankind in antiquity, which in the process of evolutionary and revolutionary development differentiated into related and unrelated languages and cultures. At the same time, the main linguocultural core was preserved as universal linguistic and cultural values against the background of ethnic ones. A similar evolution took place with writing. Alphabets based on Cyrillic or Latin have much in common, they are characterized by specificity, reflecting in writing the features of the sound structure and grammar of each language separately. The movement of the circle (the sun and the moon) has become one of the foundations of the “movement” of thought, interlingual and physical activity of the individual, separately, and humanity as a whole. The paper analyzes the meanings of the words “circle”, “sun”, and “moon”, according to the content of dictionary entries in the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Their comparison leads to the conclusion that all the meanings of these words, both direct and figurative, are related to the concept of a circle, circularity, arc0likeness. The evolution of the sign of the circle (sun, moon, wheel, letters) was long, fruitful, working to improve human activity, to form his intellectual and everyday life knowledge, skills and abilities.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that dynamic changes in the society significantly affect the formation of values among modern adolescents. Adolescence occupies a special position in the cycle of child’s development. Social and economic changes in the country taking place in the modern society have determined the relevance of the study of value orientations of adolescents. The contradictions of development inherent in adolescence have significantly intensified at the present stage of development of the social aspect of society. Value orientations are one of the most complex socio-psychological aspects of personality development that have a direct impact on all aspects of human life, and the problem of gender remains relevant, which is one of the leading places in scholarly research, both in Russia and abroad.

Official statistics states that in terms of the number of completed suicides, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is among the top ten regions in Russia. In order to study the cause of the frequency of the social phenomenon among the indigenous population more deeply, an attempt was made to consider the completed suicide from the point of view of Tengrism as a religious system of the Sakha people. The authors of the theoretical article believe that the attitude of the indigenous population to the phenomenon of the destruction of the most important value - life - is determined by the cultural code embedded in the believes. The study of literature led to the understanding that in the religion of Tengri there is no death as the disappearance of the Soul, but there is reincarnation and an endless cycle of reincarnations. That is, it can be assumed that in the belief of Tengrianism, suicide, as the destruction of life, is absent and there is no any definite attitude to it.

The article highlights the topical issue of motivating athletes in sports activities. In conditions of increasing rivalry and higher dedication, only the athlete who is motivated can achieve high results. The purpose of our study was to compare the motivation of novice and experienced mas-wrestlers. It was assumed that there are differences in the motivation of beginner and experienced mas-wrestlers. The following methods were used: “Motivation for success” by T.Ehlers, “Motivation of affiliation” by A.Mehrabyan in the modification of M.Sh.Magomed-Eminov, and “Motivation of approval” by D.Marlowe and D.Crown. It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the motivation of beginner and experienced mas-wrestlers. The motivation to achieve success and motivation for approval are characteristic of both beginner and experienced mas-wrestlers. The desire for acceptance and the fear of rejection manifest themselves in both groups regardless of experience.

Modern epistemology is the most important foundation for science, constituting also the main core of directly philosophical knowledge. The article considers three stages of its development: classical, non-classical, and post-non-classical for each of which the basic principles, concepts and approaches are identified. For the classical stage, the forerunners of the scientific methodology of Descartes and Newton, as well as the main approaches: criticism, fundamentalism, normativism, subject-centrism, science-centrism, are of particular importance. Non-classical epistemology denies all approaches of the classical stage. Here it was realized that there is no single universal method, but there are many means, techniques, approaches. In the epistemology of post-nonclassical science, an unlimited number of adequate descriptions of the same object turned out to be possible. In modern epistemology, cognitive and evolutionary problems come to the fore, which gave rise to two directions and corresponding methodologies. Popper planned to move from the general theory of knowledge through the methods of biology to the theory of the evolution of knowledge. First of all, he developed a method of assumptions and refutations, where there is a transition from a problem through a trial theory and its rigid critical study to a new problem situation. In addition, he relies on the approach that there can be no representations in the mind other than those received with the help of the senses. The basis of cognitive science is the famous saying of Hobbes that thinking is calculation. Boole repeated it almost three centuries later as a logical-mathematical statement. Turing showed that any possible calculation can be reduced to the repetition of elementary operations, and Shannon considered information as a choice of two possible options, which can be measured in bits and transmitted through a communication channel using a binary number system. In addition, the ideas of modern epistemology are considered in the context of the philosophy of science, the concepts of fallibilism, probabilism, regional ontologies, scientific demarcation with extra-scientific knowledge.

The article examines the peculiarities of the dynamics and structure of the individual’s existence. The authors reveal the difference between existence and the irrational, the unconscious and the common features with the psychology of the individual. The authors explore the features of existence in the younger generation through the prism of modern psychological, phenomenological concepts of the philosophy of existentialism and existential fiction. The process of forming a child’s existence is insufficiently researched and is a very relevant topic related to the fate of the younger generation. One of the spheres of public life where the existence of an individual is born is the education system from elementary school to universities, inclusive. At the initial stages of education, attention is rarely paid to the phenomenon of the emerging existence of a little man. Its formation can have a negative or positive, pessimistic-suicidal or optimistic, nihilistic or creative orientation. Based on the analysis of the artistic disclosure of human existence, the genesis of children’s existence in the works of prominent writers of the past and present, the philosophy of the founders of existentialism, as well as modern Western philosophers, the authors formulated their conclusion about the real possibility of directing negational existence in the direction of positive existence, the formation of the psychology of searching and finding meaning in the apparent meaninglessness of life. The authors believe that it is possible to understand and solve the actual problems of phenomenology and contradictions of the existential world of modern man through the formation of a philosophical and psychological paradigm of existentialism. Such a paradigm, according to the authors’ conclusions, is formed by the concepts of “humanistic existence”, “Sisyphean perseverance”, “Christ’s ascent to Golgotha”.

The article deals with the problems of development of subjectivity. In the twenty-first century, Nietzsche has become one of the most published and discussed authors again. The question of the integrity of Nietzsche’s work remains open. It should be noted that there is no logic in his philosophy, but he continues to polemize with his contemporaries. At present, we have to look again at the “death” of art, God and man, at his “planetary thinking”, “the transition from a national political order to a global one”, the search for a new person and values. The increasing interest in Nietzsche’s philosophy at the present stage is obvious in connection with the problems that Europe is experiencing: Brexit, uncontrolled migration processes, the complexity of integration and survival, the often “herd” existence of migrants, some massification in science, art. Today, the popularity of Nietzsche’s political ideas, interpretations of democracy, liberalism, and socialism is obvious. The purpose of the article is not to analyze the thoughts of Nietzsche, much has been written about this, so the problems related to language and art will not be touched upon, it will be about the application of his ideas for understanding the subjectivity of man, in relation to the modern situation. This perspective of the research involves the consideration of Nietzsche’s philosophy in order to identify the problems of subjectivity, while the attention will be focused on revealing the nature of subjectivity. The methodological basis of the article was the dialectical approach, which identified the features of the formation of subjectivity as continuity, the relationship between the individual and the social, and continuity in development. The methodological platform allows us to link the formation of subjectivity with human existence. This research installation shows that the development of subjectivity affects not only epistemological, axiological, but also anthropological parameters in general. The research prospects are noted. The article allows us to add insufficiently explored area in Nietzsche’s teaching and the need for a social-value model of subjectivity formation. The novelty of the work is the understanding of the development of subjectivity in the context of Nietzsche’s thoughts.