In this article, the author briefly describes the substantive organizational and pedagogical foundations of the moral and legal education of preschool children. The analysis of the current regulatory landscape of the Russian Federation in terms of moral education of the younger generation is given. The fundamental foundations of state interaction with the emerging civil society in the Russian Federation for the social welfare of all strata of the population are outlined. The pedagogical analysis of the main general educational programs of preschool education in terms of the moral-legal educational and upbringing activities of the modern preschool organization is given; the specifics of some partial programs of preschool education are disclosed, revealing the problems of moral education of 3-7 year-old children. It is emphasized that it is necessary to include project activity as the leading educational methodology in upbringing a harmoniously developed personality of a preschool child in the moral and legal educational practice.

The article provides a brief overview of the materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference “Professional self-determination: the modern aspect”, dedicated to the memory of the academician of the Russian Academy of Education S.N. Chistyakova. The academic event was organized as a part of the Plan for the Implementation of the Cooperation Agreement between the Russian Academy of Education and North Eastern Federal University. The relevance, effectiveness, trends and development prospects of the organization of domestic vocational guidance are shown.

This article discusses the features of teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese students, taking into account the specifics of the Chinese language and and the peculiarities of the Chinese mentality. The relevance of the study is due to the constantly growing interest in the Russian language in the Chinese society in connection with a noticeable increase in the number of all kinds of contacts between Russia and China. Our proposed work is based on the search for optimal ways to increase the effectiveness of teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese students. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate and develop a phased system for teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese students. The main research methods were the analysis of the academic literature on the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, as well as diagnostic methods, including observation, description, conversation, questioning, testing, and methods of statistical data processing. The article contains comparative analyzes of the Russian language teaching systems in Russia and in China. On the example of practical material for teaching phrase logical units in Russian, containing zoonyms, the role of the native language in understanding the educational material at the early stage of training is shown.

The article presents the results of a survey and study of the relationship of repression as a psychological defense mechanism and situational and personal anxiety at a young age. The relevance of the study is substantiated from the standpoint of both theoretical and empirical psychology, since the general stressfulness of the environment poses new goals for psychologists in the search for modern approaches using traditional methods to solve the problem. During the study, psychodiagnostic techniques were used: Life Style Index (R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman) and Anxiety Scale (C. Spielberger & Yu. Khanin), as well as methods of statistical data processing. High indicators of situational and/or personal anxiety contribute to an increased repression as a mechanism of psychological defense. The presence of repression has an effect on increased levels of situational and personal anxiety.

This article discusses a theoretical analysis of the literature on the development of personality of adolescents using psychoactive substances. The authors of the article examined the characteristics of adolescent personality development, as well as the contribution of consumed psychoactive substances to negative social phenomena. The authors note that adolescence is a difficult period in a person’s life, and it is characterized by aggressive behavior, living in a special subculture, drug addiction, substance abuse, etc. At this age, it is difficult for a child to cope with difficult life situations; they are prone to solving these problems through the use of alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are one of the factors in the formation of deviant behavior in adolescents. By psychoactive substances, the authors understand any chemical substance that affects the functioning of the central nervous system, leading to a changed mental state. Adolescence is the most difficult stage in the development of personality, and therefore is a risk factor for increased use of psychoactive substances. Currently, the number of adolescents involved in drug addiction, alcoholism and substance abuse is growing every year; this is called addictive behavior of people. The abuse of various substances begins with milder substances, like glue, gasoline and others that change their mental state and lead to disturbed consciousness. The authors also examined the psychological, pedagogical and socio-philosophical literature on the problem of the influence of psychoactive substances on the development of the personality of adolescents. The use of psychoactive substances in adolescents requires in-depth study, which leads to serious threats to their life, as well as safety. In carrying out this work, it is important to instill anti-alcohol installations in adolescents, as well as to make clear the consequences of using drugs and other substances.

The article discusses the timeliness problems of morbidity of the inhabitants of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) hypothyroidism. The practical and scientific significance of the problem includes psychological, psychosomatic and medical sciences. The purpose of this work was1 to identify differences in the rate of alexithymia in people who suffer from hypothyroidism in comparison with people who do not have the disease. The results of theoretical and practical research of Yakut people’s susceptibility to psychosomatic hypothyroidism caused by persistent lack of thyroxin and triiodthyroninum hormones in the human body are presented. The relevance of the study is due to the presence of a high percentage of the incidence of hypothyroidism residents of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and unexplored problems from a psychological point of view, as well as the lack of a comprehensive treatment for hypothyroidism. The work reflects the ethnocultural features of the Sakha people. Special attention is paid to the assumption about the phenomenon of alexithymia as a socio-cultural factor. We described the clinical picture of hypothyroidism, as well as the psychosomatic picture of hypothyroidism. The empirical research was based on the cases of 60 people, including an experimental group of 30 patients being treated in a hospital at the time of the research. The control group of 30 people is represented by respondents who do not suffer from hypothyroidism. The results of the research of individuals with hypothyroidism in comparison with the control group of healthy people, and highlighted some differences between these groups. To measure the levels of alexithymia and depression, the following advanced methods of personality research were used: the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-26) and the Beck depression inventory. A significant positive correlation between hypothyroidism and alexithymia among the residents of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) was obtained. It is assumed that the presence of hypothyroidism significantly increases the risk of alexithymia in the patient. The work aims at informing residents of areas with a lack of iodine in the water and in the soil about the phenomenon of alexithymia, which is the basic cause of psychosomatic diseases and, possibly, the consequence of hypothyroidism.

The article reviews essays by Plato, Michel de Montaigne, Friedrich Nietzsche, Gaston Bachelard, and Roland Barthes. The Dialogues of Plato had a huge impact on human culture, and not least because of their style, since it was the first such powerful combination of philosophy, poetry, elements of scientific knowledge, and highly artistic drama. In his own way, Montaigne analyzed fundamental questions of the universe: universalism, the relationship of all aspects of life and nature, the interconnectedness of various paths of evolution, and many others. Nietzsche clearly demonstrated the role of architectonics in the essay, which created a harmonious work, its stability, optimality, and correspondence to the rhythms of world harmony. Barthes opened a new stage in the development of essays: more rigorous, bordering scientific research. The essay opens up wide opportunities for the distribution of low-quality products, all kinds of fakes. The criteria for distinguishing an essay from simulacra are text harmony, stable and optimal architectonics, and the ability to interact with rigorous scientific methods (semiotics, hermeneutics, phenomenology). The truth of the essay can also be verified from the point of view of the world coordinate system based on the limit dynamic equilibria of deterministic chaos. The essay is necessary for the development of modern philosophical thought. Compared with previous eras, its importance has increased dramatically, since the subject of modern philosophy has become much wider, affecting issues at the interface with science, religion, and numerous areas of interdisciplinary knowledge. Many of these issues do not fit into the scientific or philosophical methodology and suggest completely new approaches to their study. They can be attributed to visionary work, para-science, that is, these studies are going in the right direction, but have not yet found an established terminology, theoretical or methodological base. The essay can provide the most complete interaction of scientific and extra-scientific knowledge; contribute to the creation of one of the options for modern universalism.

The article examines the unity and difference between essay-writing and philosophy in the ontological aspect. To this end, various interpretations of the existence of essays as forms of thought culture were analyzed, based on the works of Michel Montaigne, Albert Camus, Merab Mamardashvili and Mikhail Epstein, as well as the work of researchers of their work. Montaigne’s “On experience” focused on self-substantiation of human identity can be regarded as the forerunner of an essay. Camus and his essay “On the Absurd” are presented as a model of essay-writing. Philosophizing as “thinking”: from Mamardashvili to Epstein. The essays were compared with myth-making and philodoxa. Concerns were raised about the trend towards the displacement of philosophy by essay-writing under the anthropological shift and post-classical scientific rationality. The boundaries of the existence of essay-writing were marked. Finally, the features of using essays as a didactic means were revealed.

Schopenhauer develops a very unusual (for that time) theory of culture, which can be expressed by the following thesis: culture in general (that of the entire humanity) came from the East (more precisely, from India). This is a revolutionary approach: there is a strong critique of any form of Eurocentrism and classicism: he turns his attention to the main philosophical and religious Eastern systems and doctrines and, from this point of view, describes the origin and spread of all human culture. At the end of this article, we will turn our attention to the problems of Schopenhauer’s philosophy of culture and Oriental studies.