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Epistemological background of modern scientific methodology

Abstract

Modern epistemology is the most important foundation for science, constituting also the main core of directly philosophical knowledge. The article considers three stages of its development: classical, non-classical, and post-non-classical for each of which the basic principles, concepts and approaches are identified. For the classical stage, the forerunners of the scientific methodology of Descartes and Newton, as well as the main approaches: criticism, fundamentalism, normativism, subject-centrism, science-centrism, are of particular importance. Non-classical epistemology denies all approaches of the classical stage. Here it was realized that there is no single universal method, but there are many means, techniques, approaches. In the epistemology of post-nonclassical science, an unlimited number of adequate descriptions of the same object turned out to be possible. In modern epistemology, cognitive and evolutionary problems come to the fore, which gave rise to two directions and corresponding methodologies. Popper planned to move from the general theory of knowledge through the methods of biology to the theory of the evolution of knowledge. First of all, he developed a method of assumptions and refutations, where there is a transition from a problem through a trial theory and its rigid critical study to a new problem situation. In addition, he relies on the approach that there can be no representations in the mind other than those received with the help of the senses. The basis of cognitive science is the famous saying of Hobbes that thinking is calculation. Boole repeated it almost three centuries later as a logical-mathematical statement. Turing showed that any possible calculation can be reduced to the repetition of elementary operations, and Shannon considered information as a choice of two possible options, which can be measured in bits and transmitted through a communication channel using a binary number system. In addition, the ideas of modern epistemology are considered in the context of the philosophy of science, the concepts of fallibilism, probabilism, regional ontologies, scientific demarcation with extra-scientific knowledge.

About the Author

V. S. Danilova
M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University
Russian Federation


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Danilova V.S. Epistemological background of modern scientific methodology. Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Pedagogics. Psychology. Philosophy. 2022;(1):53-59. (In Russ.)

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